Hatco Data free essay sample

The data set consists of 100 observations on 14 separate variables. Three types of information were collected. The first type of information is the perception of HATCO on seven attributes identified in past studies as the most influential in the choice of suppliers. The respondents, purchasing managers of firms buying from HATCO, rated HATCO on each attribute. Each of these 7 variables was measured on a graphic rating scale, where a 10 centimeter line was drawn between the endpoints, with the left endpoint labeled â€Å"Poor† and the right endpoint labeled â€Å"Excellent†. Respondents indicated their perceptions by making a mark anywhere on the line. The mark was then measured, and the distance from the left endpoint was recorded (in centimeters). The result was a scale ranging from 0 to 10, rounded to a single decimal place. The second type of information relates to actual purchase outcomes. The third type of information contains general characteristics of the purchasing companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Hatco Data or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perceptions of HATCO X1 Delivery Speed Amount of time it takes to deliver the product once an order has been received X2 Price Level Perceived level of price charged by product suppliers X3 Price Flexibility Perceived willingness of HATCO representatives to negotiate price on all types of purchases X4 Manufacturer’s Image Overall image of the manufacturer or supplier X5 Overall Service Overall level of service necessary for maintaining a satisfactory relationship between supplier and purchaser X6 Sales Force Image Overall image of the manufacturer’s salesforce X7 Product Quality Perceived level of quality of a particular product (e. . , performance or yield) Purchase Outcomes X9 Usage Level What percentage of the firm’s total product is purchased from HATCO X10 Satisfaction Level How satisfied the purchaser is with past purchases from HATCO [0 (=low) to 10 (=high)] Purchaser Characteristics X8 Size of Firm 1=large, 0=small X11 Specification Buying 1=evaluates eac h purchase separately, 0=uses specification buying X12 Structure of Procurement 1=centralized procurement, 0=decentralized procurement X13 Type of Industry 1=industry A, 0=other industries X14 Type of Buying Situation 1=new task, 2=modified rebuy, 3=straight rebuy

Beliefs Related To Health Care Essays

Beliefs Related To Health Care Essays Beliefs Related To Health Care Paper Beliefs Related To Health Care Paper Traditionally the family must be involved from the start, to deal with any terminal illness. Some families, relative and friends may wish to prevent the communication of the diagnosis and prognosis from medical professionals to the dying person. The families of a few patients insist on being informed of bad news first, but the patient is usually told as well. Emotions may be displayed openly. For instance; anger, despair, depression. This is an acceptable means of behavior and is sometimes expected. Anger may sometimes be directed towards health care  workers. Emotional support is generally not sought, as this is considered to be an ‘in house’ matter. Morphine should only be used when other medications are ineffective. Some Italians may accept morphine while others may express many fears associated with its use. The strong Roman Catholic belief of the Italian community leads them to reject euthanasia. Pain is greatly feared since it is viewed as evil, unnatural, and deprivation. It is also openly discussed. Breathing difficulty is seen as a sign of dying and fatigue is perceived as depression. Illness may sometimes allow patients to feel guilty because they may feel they are being unproductive. Many Italians use alternative therapieshomeopathic medicine, acupuncture and massage. Traditional cures are often used for instance lemon for colds and flu, garlic for high blood pressure, and canarino, an herbal teach by boiling a few bay leaves together with some lemon rind, to treat a stomach ache. Some Italians believe that stomach poorly absorbs medicine or may believe that stomach is sacred for food, and prefer medication through injection. It is important to carefully educate patients on medication and procedures. Death and Afterlife: Death is not greatly feared, it is viewed as right of passage. There is a belief in life after death. Families may want to take dying member home to care for. When death occurs, the family wants to be there and relatives visit at homes of deceased persons family. Families want to see the body and may want to touch the body. Funeral home prepares the body. Major Industries Italy began to industrialize late in comparison to other European nations, and until World War II was largely an agricultural country. Tourism is one of Italys most important industries and a major source of foreign exchange. Manufacturing is centered in the north, particularly in the golden triangle of Milan-Turin-Genoa. Italys economy has been gradually diversifying, shifting from food and textiles to engineering, steel, and chemical products. The chief manufactures include machinery; iron, steel, and other metal products; chemicals; motor vehicles; clothing and footwear; and ceramics. Although many of Italys important industries are  state-owned, the trend in recent years has been toward privatization. The service sector has growing importance in Italy and employs well over half of the labor force. Education of nurses In most countries in the WHO (World Health Organization) European Region, 12 years of education is required before entry into an educational program in nursing and midwifery. Many countries recognize the need for academically prepared nurses and midwives, and the proportion of university-educated nurses and midwives, in comparison to those who received vocational  training, is slowly increasing. Nevertheless, the number of nurses whose education has prepared them to take over advanced practice roles is currently not sufficient. This deficiency is expected to continue through the next decade. Although progress is being made in standardizing professional education in the European Union, in 2009 attaining a bachelor’s degree requires three years of study for nurses in Italy. Heath Care System in Italy The National Health System of Italy, called the Servizio Sanitario Nazioanale, offers  inexpensive healthcare to all European citizens. In-patient treatments which are covered include tests, medications, surgeries during hospitalization, family doctor visits, and medical assistance provided by paediatricians and other specialists. The health system is also responsible for drugs and medicines, out-patient treatments, and dental treatments. Regardless of where one comes from, it is imperative that you have health insurance form the moment you arrive in Italy. Without it, issuance of a permesso di soggiorno (permit to stay) is not possible.

Combating corruption in the developing world Essay

Combating corruption in the developing world - Essay Example Numerous studies have shown that corruption is deep- rooted in most of the developing countries. Most developing countries have mechanisms that encourage the spread of corruption thus making it normal practice in these countries to an extent that those opposed to it are punished. In spite of this complacency, the developing countries have witnessed the impacts of corruption and are fully aware of t its negative effects in the long- run economic progress of a country. As a result, they have taken several measures to reduce or possibly eliminate corruption in their countries. More developing countries have expressed their resolve to combat corruption especially in response to international pressure and initiatives. However, despites notable efforts made there have been minimal real progress recorded in most of developing countries. It is against this background that it is important to discuss the effectiveness of specific policies in combating corruption in developing countries. In order to fight corruption, developing countries have formulated a variety of policies

IRB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IRB - Essay Example The researcher is interested in carrying out the interviews of 50 females belonging to various ethnic groups, age-groups, socioeconomic status and areas of the city, though African American will dominate as the universe for the present study. The universe will be comprised of the women who have undergone any type of crime at least once in their life, out of which a sample of 50 women with the age range 25 to 50 will be selected. Interview schedule will be applied as a tool for data collection. Being the vast topic containing ethnic and gender discrimination elements, the researcher is interested in conducting the research in the culturally diversified city of New York, USA. 1- Universe: As the researcher is the student of the New York University, he aims to select the white, yellow, brown and black female population of New York. The researcher is interested in conducting the interviews of fifty females to find out the results and concluding the problem. 2- Sampling: The researcher intends to apply quota/non-probability sampling to represent different ethnic groups and socioeconomic classes of the society. The research will be comprised of females from middle and lower classes, who have undergone any type of criminal assault. Four ethnic groups will be the respondents, though the majority of them will consist of black female respondents. The study will be focused on two types of victims. The first category belongs to the females who are the victims of the crimes committed by the strangers. On the other hand, the second category will be comprised of the women affected and cheated by their own relations and kinsmen. 3- Tool for Data Collection: Interview-schedule will be applied as a research tool to gather the data from the respondents. Interview schedule will be consisted of twenty nine questions and will be divided into three parts. First part will be about the general enquiry including the questions related to age, socioeconomic

Management case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management case - Essay Example Most of its offerings already had significant margins, and those that werent at this level were close or were expected to in the near future. The challenge that Newell Company faced was trying to remain the market leader for all of its industries at the same time. 2) Newell Company has many distinctive resources due to the strong credibility the brand has built up over the years. Because the company has many different product categories, a strong management style is necessary to ensure that every sector runs smoothly. In addition, Newell Company has good relationships with its supply partners, and these relationships help the company to remain number one in all areas of its business portfolio. Finally, Newell Company has access to Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), which helps the company to organize all of its purchase orders, invoices, and payments to and from its retail partners. Because most of Newell Companys orders are placed through this system, the company is able to keep track of all of its deadlines and needs. 3) Newell Company does seem to have a successful corporate level strategy because the management and administration is interlinked, which helps to build a solid kind of corporate culture. Another area that shows Newell Company is successful in the corporate area is through acquisitions. The company buys other companies that can add value and expand the operation of Newell Company. This is a very difficult process because the new acquisitions need to be the right fit. If a new acquisition is not up to the same speed of Newell Company, then that acquisition has the potential to bring the whole company down. 4) I feel that Newell Company acquiring both Calphalon and Rubbermaid are good business decisions for a variety of reasons. First of all, Calphalon is a good fit for Newell Companys housewares division because the company has access to the high end of the market where Newell Company has not been so successful. Also, Calphalon has strong

Ebola Outbreak 2014: Causes and Treatments

Ebola Outbreak 2014: Causes and Treatments Asra Ali Table of Contents (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Characteristic of EBOV 1.4 Symptoms 1.5 Diagnosis Methods 1.6 Treatments for Ebola Virus 1.7 Conclusions Reference list 1.1 Introduction EVD is a hemorrhagic illness having a severe fatality rate of 90% that has caused an epidemic in West Africa in the year 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). This is considered to be the most deadly and the first to occur in West Africa and in its history. (Weekly Epidemiological Report, 2014). As mentioned above, the first outbreak of the virus took place in Central Africa; it consisted of nearly 5,000 cases up to date (World Health Organization, 2014). According to study conducted by Lamantagne et al (2014), states that that 30,000 individuals have been reported dead in the month of September 2014 itself. He also provokes that this has brought an urgency to bring the epidemic situation to a control. No current attacks in Sri Lanka with respect to Ebola have arose; however, Dr. P.G. Mahipala says that screening facilities have been attempted to monitor Sri Lankans and outsiders in the Katunayaka International Airport (Colombo page, 2014). Since certain studies confirm that Rousettus aegyptiacus is the natural reservoir of the virus, it is still challenging scientists to find out the exact route of transmission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). However, it is noted that Ebola is spread through direct contact. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). 1.2 History Ebola is a zoonotic disease caused by a viral pathogen that causes lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003). This disease is known to be caused by a RNA containing virus that belongs to the family of Filoviridae and genus of Ebola virus (Chowell and Nishiura, 2014). Ebola viral disease (EVD) is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, which was first, discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Central Africa, of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which was formerly known as Zaire (Draper, 2002). However, it was reported to have an outbreak of 284 people being infected with the disease having mortality rate of 53% that lasted for 27 years (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003; Waterman, 1999). Furthermore, the second attack of Ebola emerged from Yambuka that was caused by one of the strains of Ebola virus known to be the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOZ) that had the highest mortality rate of 88% (Waterman, 1999) where 7 people were dead among 31 casualties ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Tremendous research have been studied but never succeeded in finding the natural reservoir of the virus (Waterman, 1999). However, it is now concluded that since EVD is zoonotic disease, it is spread by Rousettus aegyptiacus of the fruit bat species of the sub-Saharan region and central African region. Figure 1 illustrates the historical outbreak of the virus (Feldmann, 2014) Figure 1: The Historical Outbreak of Ebola Virus (Waterman, 1999). Filoviridae viruses are usually found in green monkeys imported from Africa (Peters and Leduc, 1999). The first significant outbreak of Ebola occurred in Sudan that killed infected human and non-human primates (World Health Organization, 2014). However, the evolutionary history of Ebola remains unclear (Li and Chen, 2013). In 1989, Ebola appeared in monkey imported to Reston, Virginia, primate facility of Washington, DC (peters and peters, 1999). In addition, it has been reported that small subclinical outbreaks in the United States and Philippines had spread but were not so lethal for humans (CDC, 2003, sited in Casilas et al, 2003). Ebola usually has a fatality rate that often exceeds 80% (Geisbert et al, 2008). Although the clinical course is well known, the specific mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of Ebola virus is not clearly known (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). People are infected through the use of unsterilized needles and syringes (Peters and Peters, 1999). 1.3 Characteristic of EBOV EBOV are non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses which constitute to the family Filoviridae (Stimola, 2011; Kim, 1999). The viral multiplies as a result of the genome coding capacity that produces a number of transcripts encoding for structural and non-structural glycoproteins (Mehedi, 2013). Ebola genome consists of seven genes where Viral Protein 40 (VP40) is expressed the most abundantly (Gyamfi et al, 2013). VP40 usually assembles on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, however the mechanistic details of plasma membrane by VP40 is not yet clearly known (Gyamfi et al, 2013). Hence, this is achieved by RNA editing, where non-template adenosine residues are in co-operated into the mRNA of EBOV at an editing site encoding for seven adenosine residues (Mehedi, 2013). Ebola enters the human cell by using one of the seven surface proteins available on the membrane, to trick the cell into thinking that the virus is not pathogenic thereby making the immune response inactive (Stimola,2011). Figure 2 illustrates an Electron Micrograph of Ebola virus Figure 2: Electron Micrograph of Ebola Virus (CDC, 2014). The virion containing RNA is a negative sense strand (complementary to RNA), therefore it is copied into a complementary plus-strand for protein formation to proceed for pathogenesis (Hunt, 2010).Virology studies have found very few about the EBOV as it contains genes less than a dozen when compared to other viruses like poxviruses and herpes viruses (Peters and Peters, 1999). The transmission of the virus usually takes place through broken skin or mucous membranes, with blood, secretions such as semen or any other body fluids such as breast milk of infected people (WHO, 2014). 1.4 Symptoms The incubation period of the virus is between 2 to 21 days (World Health Organization, 2014). Symptoms arises only after the first 10 days of infection which includes Fever, Severe Headache, chills, weakness, joint and muscle aches, (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Further Symptoms includes vomiting, diarrhea, impaired kidney and liver function where internal and external bleeding can persists (World Health Organization, 2014). As the virus enters the body, cytokines are released when reticuloendothelial cells encounter the virus which contributes to inflammatory responses that can be violent. (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Stimola (2011) explains that lungs are filled in blood that causes individuals to cough out blood. Furthermore, she states that bleeding from eyes and skin are also prominent features of the disease. Severe damage to the liver, with the combination of massive viremia, leads to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and eventually, it infects the micro-vascular endothelial cells and compromises vascular integrity (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Diarrhea and vomiting is due to severe gastrointestinal illness and volume depletion with a series of metabolic disorders occurs, ultimately hypovolemic shock occurs (Lamantagne et al, 2014). 1.5 Diagnosis Methods Ebola is a disease that is unable to be distinguished among other diseases such as Malaria, Typhoid Fever and Meningitis (World Health Organization, 2014). This is because Ebola virus replicates at a very high rate which overwhelms the protein synthesis of infected cells and the host immune system (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Patients are diagnosed using various methods such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reactions) and various other laboratory tests (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). ELISA is sensitive and specific in determination of the viral antigens in serum that screen large numbers of suspect human samples in a short period of time (Peters and Peters, 1999). During infection it is known that both the proteins of host and viral cells contribute to the pathogenesis of Ebola Virus (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Further into the course of the disease or after the patients recovery immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G can be de tected (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Table 1.1 illustrates the diagnostic methods available. Timeline of Infection Diagnostic Tests Available Within a few days after symptoms begin Antigens capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. Immunoglobulin M ELISA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reactions) Virus Isolation Later in disease course or after recovery Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G anti-bodies Retrospectively in deceased patients Immunohistochemistry testing Polymerase Chain Reaction Virus Isolation Table 1.1: Diagnostic Methods (CDC, 2014). Detection can also depend on molecular techniques including multiple reverse transcriptase PCR assays. (Feldmann, 2014). Immunohistochemistry, PCR and Isolation of the Virus are also performed (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Laboratory testing using polymerase chain reaction gives a specific result and this is used widely as a result (Lamontagne, 2014). Antigen detection maybe performed to confirm immediate diagnosis, whereas, assays for detection of anti-bodies are secondary tests that are primarily important (Feldmann, 2014). Samples from patients are extreme biohazard risk in which laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples and should be conducted under maximum protective conditions (World Health Organization, 2014). 1.6 Treatments for Ebola Virus Recovery from Ebola depends on good clinical care and the patients immune response (CDC, 2014). The Global Health Security Agenda aims to strengthen public health systems that need to eradicate the deadly EVD (Frieden et al, 2014). Standard precautions are used by health care workers by using personal protection equipment to prevent exposure from the infected (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Effective way to keep away from the Ebola virus is to use Soap, dilute bleach, or any alcohol based hand sanitizers, which readily disrupts the envelope of the single stranded RNA virus (lamantagne et al, 2014). Three core interventions have stopped every pathogenic disease and the way of transmission. These are exhaustive case and contact tracing, effective response to patients and the community, and preventive interventions (Lamantagne et al, 2014). There is no proven treatment available for Ebola Virus Disease but through supportive care rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids for specific symptoms, improves survival (World Health Organization, 2014). Currently available antiviral medications are not effective (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). When a person can no longer drink, intravenous medications are given and delivery of appropriate replacement solutions are required but in some cases the victims die due to inadequate intravenous fluid resuscitation (Lamantagne et al,2014). Passive transfer of antibodies in animal models only delayed the onset of symptoms and did not alter overall survival (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). The activated allogeneic lymphocytes and the increased number of platelets erythrocytes, and plasma were probably beneficial (Peters and Peters, 1999). People who recover from Ebola develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years (CDC, 2014). Some people who have recovered from the infection of Ebola have developed complications as joint and vision problems which could be there for a long time (CDC, 2014). In Ebola infection the ability of neutralizing antibodies to serve as passive immunotherapies is not well understood (Lee and Saphire, 2014). 1.7 Conclusions Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic zoonotic disease that is caused by the genus Ebola virus that consists of negative sense RNA (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003). This was first discovered in the 1976 in the central Africa of DRC. (Draper, 2002). Since then, there have been many outbreaks that have been identified having a mortality rate of over 90% (World Health Organization, 2014). Ebola is transmitted by the vector Rousettus aegyptiacus (fruit bat) that infects humans and non-human primates through direct contact such as body fluids and physical contact (Feldmann, 2014). Symptoms are usually vomiting, diarrhea that lead to multiple organ failure and hemorrhage (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Therefore adequate diagnosis such as PCR and other various techniques such ELISA are used (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Simultaneously, treatments are also been done to patients such as vaccination of antibodies and drug therapy.†¦. And proper sanitary implication that provides a better health system and to re duce the epidemic of Ebola (Stimola, 2011). Reference list Adu-Gyamfi, E., Soni, S.P., Xue, Y., Digman, M.A., Gratton, E. and Stahelin, R.V., (2013) ‘The Ebola Virus matrix protein penetrates into the plasma membrane: a key step in viral protein 40 (VP40) oligomerization and viral egress’, PubMed, 288(8), pp.5779-5789. [Online]. doi:10.1074/Jbc.M112.443960 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Allison, S. P. (2002) Epidemics. Google Books [Online].Available at: http://books.google.co.uoks?id=FohdK6o8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=books+on+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=nnEVVJ-HK8XsaPb8gdgFv (Accessed: 31 October 2014). Casillas, A.M., Nyamathi, A.M., Sosa, A., Wilder, C.L. and Sands, H. (2003) ‘A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment’,Biological Research for Nursing, 9, pp.268-275. [Online]. DOI: 10.1177/1099800403252603 (Accessed: 31 October 2014). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014)Ebola (Ebola virus disease).Available at:http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/symptoms/index.html?s_cid=cs_3923(Accessed: 31 October 2014). Colombo Page News Desk (2014) Sri Lanka Ebola Screening Facilities at International Airport Ready. Available at: www.colombopage.com/archieve_14B/Aug10_1407656253CH.php (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Epidemiological Unit Ministry of Health (2014) Ebola hemorrhagic fever: fact sheet. Available at: www.epid.gov.lk/web/attachments/article/146/Ebola_hemorrhagic_fever_Sheet.pdf (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Feldmann, H., (2014) ‘Ebola-A growing Threat’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 371, pp. 1375-1378. [Online].doi:10.1056/NEJMP1405314 (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Frieden, T.R., Damon, I., Bell, B.P., Kenyon, T. and Nichol, S. (2014) ‘Ebola 2014 – New Challenges, new global response and responsibility’, 371, pp. 1177-1180.[Online].doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1409903 (Accessed: 2 November 2014). Hunt, M., (2010) Virology, Available at: http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/rna-ho.htm (Accessed: 01 November 2014). King, J.W., Khan, A.A., Chunha, B.A., Kerkering, T.M., Malik, R. and Talavera, F. (2003)Medscape.Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-overview(Accessed: 31 October 2014). Lamontagne, F., Clement, C., Fletcher, T., Jacob, S.T., Fischer, W. A. and Fowler, R. A. (2014). ‘Doing Todays’ Work Superbly well-Treating Ebola with Current Tools’ The New England Journal Of Medicine, 371, pp.1565-1566.[Online].doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1411310 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Lee, J. and Saphire, E. (2009). ‘Ebola virus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry’, Future Virology, 4(6), pp.621-635.[Online]. Doi: 10.2217/fvl.09.56 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Li, Y.H. and Chen, S.P., (2014) ‘Evolutionary history of Ebola virus’, Epidemiology and Infection, 142(6), pp.1138-1145.[Online].doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813002215 (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Makashkevich, V.N., Schneider, B.J., McNally, M.L., Milhollen, M.A., Pang, J.X. and Kim, P.S. (1999) ‘Core structure of the envelope glycoprotein GP2 from Ebola virus at 1.9-A resolution’, PNAS, 96(6).[Online].doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2662 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Mayoclinic Staff (2014) Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus/basics/symptoms/con20031241 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Mehedi, M., Hoenen, T., Robertson, S., Ricklefs, S., Dolan, M.A., Taylor, T., Falzarano, D., Ebihara, H., Porcella, S.F. and Feldmann, H. (2013) ‘Ebola virus RNA editing depends on the primary editing site sequence and an upstream secondary structure’, PubMed, 9(10). [Online].doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003677 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Peters, C. J. and Peters, J. W. (1999) ‘An introduction to Ebola: The Virus and the disease’, The Journal of Infectious Disease, 179(1), pp. ix-xvi [Online].doi:1086/514322 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Stimola, A. (2011) Ebola; Epidemics and Society, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Sullivan, N., Yang, Z.Y., and Nabel, G. J. (2003) ‘Ebola virus pathogenesis: implications for vaccines and therapies’, Journal of Virology, 77(18), pp. 9733-9737. [Online].doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Turner and Cheryl, R.N., (2014) ‘Ebola Virus disease: An emerging threat’, Nursing2014, 44(9), pp.68-69. [Online].doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000453010.02525.ca (Accessed: 01 November 2014). World Health Organization (2014) Ebola Virus Disease: fact sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ (Accessed: 31 October 2014).

Locke’s Logical Plain Method Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

Locke’s Logical Plain Method As those philosophers before him, or at least as far back as Descartes, John Locke is â€Å"perplexed with obscure terms and useless question† (qtd. in Jones 238), and is interested in starting fresh and free from the opinions of his predecessors. He devises the historical plain method in order to examine the knowledge we posses, with the assumption that the mind is â€Å"white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas,† (qtd. in Jones 245). My interest here, however, is to briefly describe, and to evaluate Locke’s historical plain method. The following passages are to demonstrate the chief values and key limitations of the historical plain method as it pertains to its own investigation of what is true from experience, and to show that Locke mistakes a logical approach for a historical approach, meaning that his method is a logical plain method. The historical plain method allows us to distinguish between what is true, and therefore important enough to warrant our consideration, and what is fantasy and not worth our time. It accomplishes this by examining an object to see whether it has originated from our sense perception, and is thus a sensation, or from the operations of the mind, and thus a reflection. If the object is thus found to have its origins in either the senses or the mind, then it is to be a true object, or one that does exist. Objects that are conveyed by the senses are such as â€Å"hard,† â€Å"red,† â€Å"loud,† and the like. Some are combinations of more than one simple idea derived from more than one sensory input. In the case of â€Å"fast,† the speed of something can both be derived from seeing motion as well as feeling motion. Objects conveyed by the operations of the mind are such a... ... reality of objects, but it may not have the ability to be proven beyond any doubt, and is thus less certain than the logical inquiry. Locke’s historical plain method, named so incorrectly, endeavors to show what is true and false, what is meaningful and meaningless, and therefore, what is important and what is not important. By examining objects it deems to demonstrate their origin as being of sensation or reflection. Since Locke assumed all ideas to be based on simple elements however, he pursued in that direction, which is a psychological and logical one. Thus, Locke developed the logical plain method, but mistakenly named it the historical plain method. For the historical order begins with the objects, and through investigation of it, we derive its simple elements. Works Cited Jones, W. T. Hobbes to Hume. 2nd edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1980.

Environmental Pressures for Change Essay

Of the environmental pressures for change, I believe hyper competition and market decline were the pressures experienced by Intel. The reason I believe this is because in the case study Barrett talked about its rival Micro Devices and how he felt the competitiveness that was among them. In the reading it states, â€Å"Barrett felt that in this competitive and segmented market, Intel needed to be reorganized to make it more nimble (Palmer et.al, 2009). When you think about it, some of the greatest challenges that are faced by leaders of today are the ability to stay competitive. There are constant disruptions that can be seen and it is up to the company to avoid them or keep them under control. Barrett recognized that he needed to make a move so his competition would not run over him. In the study, reorganization was a main point as Barrett was involved in many during his first three years. I believe Barrett saw this reorganization as a way to get ahead of the competition and to look at new opportunities. In reference to market decline, Barrett and Intel tried to handle what was happening. Since 9/11 the industry was affected in a major way, and the decline of the economy was one of the big reasons. Intel was now getting worried about Micro Devices being able to produce a faster chip. Internal Pressures for Change Based on the internal presures at Intel, I feel that growth was the one Barrett was facing. From the case study, Barrett was consistently dealing with internal pressure. He was always trying to reorganize his projects and some employees were seeing that he was starting many projects without completing the ones that he started. It was being referred to as â€Å"shuffling execs like cards† (Palmer et. al, 2009). While dealing with the growth change, Barrett had intentions to change some of the culture that the company was all about. In my opinion he saw growth as a way to renew his job satisfaction. Even though this was not a new organization, I think Barrett felt that he would try and bring a different type of feel to the company;one that would allow for the internal challenge of growth to be met head on. Limits to Change I believe there are limits to the change that can be accomplished at Intel due to the fact that Barrett was taking on and trying to incorporate too many changes without following through on a single one. In his own mind I feel he was always trying to reach that next place that would take Intel to the top of software. What I feel he did not understand was when you are dealing with limits to change at Intel, it has to involve the decision making team as a whole. At that point different members of the team are there to handle the limits to change with proper communication. They do this by answering questions as well as the objections before they are put into effect. If this is not completed with good communication, then there will be a struggle for change which limits organizations in a poor way. Managers and the Pressures that Lead to Change For managers and leaders alike, pressure that lead to change could sometimes be overwhelming. To have a understanding of the pressures a manager must accept that change needs to be an effective system that the cuture of the organization embraces from the start. A reason for this is to keep the motivation at a high level at the same time knowing what drives your employees to reach that level. Change is stressful enough but when you incorporate it into the workforce, it gets even more challenging. That is why having a clear and personal understanding of the pressures why allow managers to manage the pressures that lead to change. Responding to the challenges is what employees do well, and it is the change that can rasie doubt throughout the workplace. Motivation continues to be a key factor that gives managers an upper hand when it comes to having success with an organization. Lack of motivation will prove costly in the end and envitably lead to pressures fof change. Most people are motivated by the same types of things, whether it is success, happiness or money. To manage the pressure for change, senior leaders need the commitment or buy in from the staff in order for an effective change to occur. References Palmer, I., Dunford, R., & Akin, G. (2009). Managing Organizational Change. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Irwin.

Parenting theory Essays

Parenting theory Essays Parenting theory Essay Parenting theory Essay Parenting org will try to answer 2 question: which business should we own? What parenting approach will get the best performance from those busineses? Instead of looking at how businesses relate to one another, a parent organization should look at how well its skill fit its businesses needs and whether owning them creates or destroy value. Parenting theory suggest that most CEO should concern with two crucial questions: what business should this company, rather than rival, own and why? And What org structure. Management process and philosophy will foster superior performance from its businesses? The best parent companies create more value in their businesses than rivals would. Multi business bring together under a parent org businesses that could potentially be independent. Such parent company can justify themselves economically only of their influence creates value. For example: The parent org can improve business plan and budget , promote better linkages among them, provide especially competent central function or make wise choices in its own acquisitions , divestment and new ventures. How corporate parenting add value to its businesses units? That occur when the parents skills and resources fit well with the needs and opportunities of the businesses. If there is not a fit, the parent is likely destroy value. A parent that does not understand the critical success factors in a business is likely to destroy vale. To add value: ICM, Restructure, Knowledge, transfer skill and sharing activities. A parent without detailed knowledge of a business market my not be aware of the opportunity to combine sales. Synergy. Five type of synergies: Cost savings, Revenue enhancements, process improvements, financial engineering and tax benefit. COST SAVINGS This is the most common type of synergy and the easiest to estimate. Peter Shaw, head of mergers and acquisitions at the British chemical and pharmaceutical company ICI, refers to cost savings as hard synergies and points out that the level of certainty that they will be achieved is quite high. Usually, they come from eliminating jobs, facilities, and related expenses that are no longer needed when functions are consolidated, or they come from economies of scale in purchasing. Cost savings are likely to be especially large when one company acquires another from the same industry in the same country. For example, SBC Communications, the former South-western Bell, realized substantial cost savings when it acquired Pacific Telesis. Within the first two years of this merger, SBC saved more than $200 million in information-technology operating and maintenance costs. It also saved tens of millions of dollars by combining the merged companies purchasing power. Even though cost savings are t he easiest synergy to calculate, overly optimistic projections certainly do occur, so you need to look very carefully at the numbers you 1 re presented with. If youre evaluating projections, be aware of three common problems. First, analysts may overlook the fact that definitions of cost categories vary from company to company. (For example, are warranty costs included in the cost of production or the cost of sales?) So it may appear that there are more easily eliminated costs in a category than turn out to be the case. Second, costs are incurred in different places depending on the structure of each company. Acquirers may assume they can eliminate more corporate or divisional administrative costs than they actually can because essential work is getting done in unexpected places. Third, it is easier to eliminate positions than the people who fill them. Often a job is eliminated on paper, but the person in the job is very talented and must be shifted ewhere in the company. Therefore, if a consolidation Ins to suggest that 200 jobs are destined for the ax, that doesnt mean that 200 salaries are, too Acquirers often underestimate how long it will take to realize cost savings. Sometimes that happens because the plans specifying how integration will proceed are insufficiently detailed. In other cases, it happens because the people in both companies are resistant to change, and senior managers often delay making tough cost cutting decisions. And, of course, the longer it takes for cost savings to be realized, the less value they create. REVENUE ENHANCEMENTS Its sometimes possible for an acquirer and its target to achieve a higher level of sales growth together than either company could on its own. Revenue enhancements are notoriously hard to estimate, however, because they involve external variables beyond managements control. The customer base of the acquired company, for instance, may react negatively to different prices and product features. A combined customer base may balk at making too many purchases from a single supplier. And competitors may lower their prices in response to an acquisition. Revenue enhancements are so difficult to predict, in fact, that some wise companies dont even include them when calculating synergy value. Matthew Slatter, the CEO of Bank of Melbourne, says, We model this [revenue enhancements], but never factor it into the price. Similarly, Peter Shaw at ICI considers them soft synergies and discounts them heavily in calculations of synergy value. Despite their dangers, revenue enhancements can create real value. Sometimes the target brings a superior or complementary product to the more extensive distribution channel of the acquirer. That happened when Lloyds TSB acquired the Cheltenham and Gloucester Building Society (which had a better home-loan product) and Abbey Life (which had insurance products). In both cases, Lloyds TSB was able to sell those products to its dramatically larger retail customer base, thus generating more revenue than the three entities could have done individually. Similarly, having acquired Duracell for a 20% premium, Gillette was confirmed in its expectation that selling Duracell batteries through Gillettes existing channels for personal care products would increase sales, particularly internationally. Gillette sold Duracell products in 25 new markets in the first year after the acquisition and substantially increased sales in established international markets. In other instances, a target companys distribution channel can be used to escalate the sales of the acquiring companys product. That occurred at Gillette when it acquired Parker Pen. In calculating what it could pay, Gillette estimated that it would be able to get an additional $25 million in sales for its own Waterman pens by taking advantage of Parkers distribution channels. A final kind of revenue enhancement occurs when the bigger, post-acquisition company gains sufficient critical mass to attract revenue neither company would have been able to realize alone. Consider what happened when ABN and AMRO merged to form ABN AMRO, the large Dutch bank. Afterward, other large banks pulled the new company in on syndicated loans that neither ABN nor AMRO would have been asked to participate in individually. PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS Cost savings result from eliminating duplication or from purchasing in volume; revenue enhancements are generated from combining different strengths from the two organizations. Process improvements, by contrast, occur when managers transfer best practices and core competencies from one company to another. That results in both cost savings and revenue enhancements. The transfer of best practices can flow in either direction. The acquirer may buy a company because the target is especially good at something. Conversely, the acquirer may see that it can drastically improve the targets performance in a key area because of some competence the acquirer has already mastered. Take the case of National Australia Banks purchase of Florida mortgage lender HomeSide. HomeSide has an extremely efficient mortgage-servicing process that NAB plans to transfer to its banking operations in Australia, New Zealand, and. the United Kingdom. The same was true of ABN AMRO when it acquired the U.S. commercial bank Standard Federal. In that case, process improvements went hand in hand with cost savings: because its mortgage operation was so efficient, SF eventually took over the combined banks entire mortgage business. Product development processes can also be improved so that new products can be produced at lower cost and get to market faster. Such was the case when Johnson Controls acquired Prince Corporation, a maker of rear-view mirrors, door panels, visors, and other parts of automobile interiors. Prince was better than Johnson Controls at understanding customers needs-both existing and anticipated-and consequently it produced higher-margin products. Prince also had an excellent process for ramping up production of new products, which enabled it to move from design to mass production about twice as fast as Johnson Controls could, maintaining higher quality levels while speeding cycle times. Johnson learned from Prince and was soon able to apply those advantages to its own products. For an example of the process improvements an acquiring company can bring to the table, take a look at newspaper giant Gannett. Gannett has a database of financial and nonfinancial measures for each of its 85 newspapers; executives use this rich resource to determine best practices, both boosting revenue and lowering costs. Larry Miller, Gannetts CFO, explains, We have been able to dramatically improve the papers weve bought. The key for us is knowing in very minute detail how to run a business. This gives us very specific ideas for improvement. Through more efficient production and distribution processes, Gannett has been able to extend its deadlines for news and advertising copy while simultaneously delivering the newspaper more quickly. That helps advertisers and improves Gannetts revenue. Gannett is also able to determine where classified rates are too high, hurting volume, and where they are too low, leaving money on the table. Because it can expect to yield quick, substantial p rocess improvements, Gannett can pay very high premiums for its acquisitions. When you consider that many of the acquisitions are run independently-and so dont offer many consolidation opportunities-the high premiums are quite extraordinary. In fact, Miller has told us, People are often shocked at what we pay. In nearly all cases, though, performance improvements after the fact have justified the high prices. The synergies of cost savings, revenue enhancements, and process improvements may be easy to understand conceptually, but our research demonstrates how hard they are to forecast accurately. Why? Most calculations of synergy value occur under horrendous conditions: time pressure is intense, information is limited, and confidentiality must be maintained. Since conditions are so far from ideal, the managers and board members responsible for the final decision should always scrutinize the assumptions underlying the numbers. FINANCIAL ENGINEERING Acquirers often think-and hope-that if they borrow cash to finance a transaction, theyll reduce the weighted average cost of capital. That is not a good reason to do a deal. If either the acquirer or the target company could afford to take on more debt; each could have borrowed it on its own. However, some companies can find genuine synergies through financial engineering. For example, an acquisition can increase the size of a company to a level where there are clear economic benefits to pooling working- capital finance requirements and surplus cash, as well as netting currency positions. These benefits can be quite substantial. When the Credit Suisse Group merged with Winterthur, 10% of the forecasted synergies came from reducing funding costs through optimized capital management. Heres another genuine financial-engineering synergy: a transaction may allow a company to refinance the targets debt at the acquirers more favourable borrowing rate without affecting the acquirers credit rating. That is especially likely to happen in the financial services sector because those companies are big and their risk is diversified. TAX BENEFITS Tax considerations are often a barrier that must be overcome to justify a deal, a fact that makes tax-related synergies very difficult to assess. Its useful to distinguish between tax structuring, which makes the deal possible, and tax engineering (also called tax planning), which ensures that the overall tax rate of the combined company is equal to or lower than the blended tax rates of the two companies before the deal. Regulators often believe that companies using perfectly legitimate structuring and engineering techniques to avoid incurring additional costs are simply taking advantage of loopholes. Thus companies are not anxious to disclose any clever techniques they may have used. The goal of tax structuring is to avoid as many onetime tax costs as possible. Those costs may include capital and transfer duties, as well as change-of-ownership provisions that can trigger capital gains or prevent tax losses from being carried forward.

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Medical errors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Medical errors - Research Paper Example Due to development in science and related ethical considerations in the western part of the world, patients and those related to them have more opportunities to be aware of mistakes and errors committed by their medical practitioners which further allows them to follow an appropriate course of action depending on the nature of MEs. Another significant factor that leads to formation of processes involved in disclosure of medical errors is Judeo-Christian traditions prevailing in western part of the world. Although these traditions are not universally applicable however secular western societies recognize them well. Some of the major Judeo-Christian expectations include confession, repentance and forgiveness. According to Berlinger and Wu (2003), When one misses the mark in terms of another person, Jewish and Christian traditions prescribe a series of concrete, reciprocal practices: confession, which includes disclosure and apology; repentance, which includes the actions that the person who has harmed another undertakes to compensate for the error; and forgiveness, through which the person who has been harmed signals that he or she has been adequately compensated. These practices may serve as a lifelong reference point for ethical conduct (106)i.† In order to devise a concrete mechanism of disclosure and apology by medical institutions to those directly affected by these medical errors, it is important to identify and understand expectations on part of patients and those related to them. Where apologies are the ultimate expectation of these parties, admitting fault and confessing them are the first step to resolutions of such situations. It is important to note that admitting fault may be sufficient enough to raise liability of medical practitioners and institutions in case patients and their relatives decide to enter into law suits. Another important element of accepting and disclosing medical errors is repentance on part of medical authorities involved

Experts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experts - Research Paper Example He says that this thought is not the solution but rather the main problem. He claims that the government or all the people on the top are mostly in competent, tyrannical, and corrupt in their ways. The question that Easterly raises out of this book is that whether this philanthropy of the rich is a sham or actually, it points to an imperfect democracy. Throughout the book, Easterly goes on to condemn the act of the technocrats who claim to be helping the people from the clutch of poverty and in turn are crumpling their rights with these supposed remedies or solutions (Birrell). He notes that more than often these remedies, which are designed by these technocrats, are often imported from abroad. Further, these designs are although very impressive to hear in the beginning however, they have very little regard to the local conditions existing in the place it has to be implemented. Therefore, when these so-called remedies are put into effort they destroy the conditions of the economy and the people and harm them more than helping them in return. The author also shows that in most cases the autocratic economies have worse economic growth even in comparison to the democratic economies. She attributes this finding with the fact that the liberties, which are offered to the civilians, are highly essential for the free exchanging of the ide as, further this free exchange of the ideas would lead to the discovery of innovation, which would change the face of the world and ensure success. Moreover the author also points out the term innovation was coined as a term of abuse. What the author tries to make the world realize is that freedom is the solution to the problems of poverty. He claims that the arrogance of the Western thought should be abolished. He claims in this passionate argument that the approach of economic development of pitying and offering pre thought out solutions has to be stopped because these